SERIOUS EFFECT OF DIABETES IN PREGNANCY

Diabetic issues is a disease that is characterized by high sugar level  in the blood
. It is generally associated with a deficiency of blood insulin or reduced response  of cells towards blood insulin. A number of problems are associated with diabetes resulting from the high blood sugar level and ketone level from fat metabolism ; depleting reserves of sugar such as glycogen, and muscle proteins; and a reduction or loss of blood insulin.

Types of Diabetic conditions in pregnancy.
Diabetes during pregnancy  can be categorized under two broad heading ;

Type I Diabetes: Diabetic condition that a lady already has before having a child, and needs to take  insulin medication  to maintain an Optimum sugar level.

Gestational Diabetes: A lady develops gestational diabetes during having a child, which goes away after giving birth. Gestational diabetes  issues increases the chance of developing type II Diabetes  later in life.

Either form of Diabetic issues raises the chance of further problems in both the mom and the child. Diabetes duringPregnancy  has to be controlled with proper meals, carefully planned exercise regimen, regular monitoring of sugar level, and medicines.

High glucose level in the blood in mother

If the mothers blood glucose level is great, there is a danger that the child will be affected. A hhigh suicide level doing the early beginning in having a child (during the first 8 weeks) gives rise to an increased  chance of developmental abnormalities. In a number of instances, the defect is so great, that the child cannot survive. The chance of developmental abnormalities and difficulties during delivery  is equivalent in both type I Diabetic issues and gestational Diabetic conditions.

There is an increased need for blood insulin during having a child. This is due to the iincreased weight and an high level of hormones secreted from the placenta which counteract the sugar lowering effect of blood insulin.

Eye and kidney damage is also increased  in Diabetic issues during having a child. If the mothers kidneys have been damaged because of Diabetic issues, then the chance of fetal development retardation and premature delivery  also increases considerably.

A great sugar level  for a prolonged period during having a child will be easily absorbed by the child and be acted upon by the blood insulin produced in the baby's pancreas. There is an improved production of blood insulin comparable to high stage of sugar in system. In this case the child will grow faster than it should and will gain an fat before delivery. This will cause problems in normal delivery.

Hypoglycemic episodes in pregnancy

Severe hypoglycemia with convulsions or unconsciousness is dangerous. Low sugar level produce the problem of morning sickness. Simultaneously, feeling very sick reduces food intake and this causes low glucose stages. Thus, a vicious cycle develops during pregnancy . The sugar from the mothers system easily passes off through the placenta into the baby's system. The child has his own supply of blood insulin to take care of this sugar. Hence, mom becomes hypoglycemic, and there may be an improved chance of night attacks of hypoglycemia.

Low level of glucose  will cause the child to have a low rate of development and will show a retarded development before being born.

Risks for the unborn baby

Early in pregnancy, there is an improved chance of congenital malformations if the glucose level stage is improved.

Due to great sugar level, there is a faster development of child and the great delivery weight poses problems during delivery. Also, immediately after delivery, the infant will develop hypoglycemia (low glucose stages level), as its system continues to produce huge amounts of blood insulin. This makes the child less capable of coping with lack of oxygen during delivery

Levels of blood glucose  if maintained at normal stages throughout the pregnancy , then Diabetic issues associated problems can be eliminated to a large extent. If the lady has good management of sugar level and HbA1C similar to that of a person without Diabetic issues, while conceiving and during the delivery , then the chance of developmental problems or miscarriage is no greater than average.

HbA1C: It is the name for the test used to measure average sugar management over a many years, and is named after a subgroup of adult hemoglobin, a pigment present in red blood cells which binds to sugar.

UNRISKY WAYS TO FIGHT HEADACHE

Discovering efficient therapies for complications can be difficult to say the least - but it doesn't have to generate you to the verge of madness, nor does it require dangerous or possibly damaging remedies or techniques.

Often, physicians will recommend any of a wide range of remedies - from those that are expected to carry comfort by overlaying signs, to those that make an effort to prevent the start a complications show.

There are over 100 remedies that a doctor can choose from and nearly limitless blends of them. The list is ever-evolving and a complications individual can easily experience like they've become a drugs guinea pig as they are recommended one thing after another.

However, many of the very remedies that are designed to create elements better end up making elements more intense when you consider their adverse reactions - and they can all present a large danger to your health in a many ways.

A person getting these remedies can create recovery complications - where the treatment actually causes complications. Not only that, if they were to stop getting the remedies suddenly that can cause complications as well.

Amidst all of the conventional remedies that European remedies has to provide, even the most smart and knowledgeable doctor can end up operating out of thoughts... then what can be done when that happens?

This is no way to stay and certainly cannot be the only or best strategy to healing complications. Here are several other thoughts, among many, that you can try:

    Start by understanding what your activates are and prevent them at all costs

    Reducing weight and becoming just a little more actually dynamic can successfully prevent the next complications show.

    Examine whether or not you may have a gluten intolerance. Some have found that by preventing products high in gluten have seen a considerable decrease in complications.

    Fresh air has been used to cure those who experience group frustration sufferers and some professionals believe it can be efficient for complications sufferers. Talk with your doctor, professional, or discomfort professional and perhaps they can recommend oxygen on a test base to figure out if it can matter for you.

    Rub has confirmed to be just right for complications as well. Try beginning with one massage every one or two several weeks.

    In the middle of a complications, use ice and warm interchangeably in the places where you experience the most discomfort or pounding emotions.

    Ask your doctor if you could try a TENS device - a small battery-operated system that has difficult shields that are tactically placed on the outside of your body. It discharges soothing electric powered urges to activate and rest muscle tissue in a focus on area.

    The use of nutritional products - such as coenzyme Q10, mineral magnesium, or supplement B2 - can be efficient in the avoidance of complications.

    Along with initiating particular stress factors on your go, grabbing the top of your nose passing, forehead, or behind your ear can reduce discomfort.

    Getting to rest with a buckwheat shell bed sheets can help you get better rest and could assistance your go and throat in a way that stops the likeliness of complications.

    Don't be reluctant to try different professional or discomfort professional. Ask your doctor for a recommendation if you suppose that a change could be valuable

WHY DO YOU GET HEADACHE

Knowing what causes your complications is an important step in treating them. It is a excellent option to first have a actual evaluation to make sure you are in wellness.

There are many factors why individuals suffer with complications. Take an active part in evaluating your particular causes by playing a detective-type part. Below are some of the main members to complications to help you get started in your investigation.

-Some individuals have a genetic temperament to complications. If this is so, other close relatives will also encounter complications.

-The way we were raised can perform a significant part in our wellness due to learned habits of dealing or thoughtful for ourselves. All kinds of actual issues, including complications, can reveal if one has been raised in an violent household situation.

-Medications can perform a role in the growth of complications. Be sure to ask your physician if frustration pain can be a complication of any remedies you are on.

-Dietary aspects are another concern. Sometimes individuals are successful in eliminating certain foods, one at a time, to see if their complications stop or are less frequent. You may also be tested for food allergies.

-Psychological issues such as repressed feelings, depression, fear, rage and stress can cause to complications.

-Physical disruptions in the system such as gas or lack can cause to complications. Again, seek advice from your medical health care specialist.

-Environmental aspects perform most in the growth of complications. These include weather changes, chemicals or certain smells, to name a few.

-Hormone instability may be another concern. This is another justification to see your medical health care specialist.

-When the structure of the entire human is not working properly it can cause to tensing of muscles, bringing on complications. Also, issues with the cervical spine can cause to intracranial pressure causing complications. Other architectural issues could cause squeezed nerve fibres or clogged flow of liquids, both potentially leading to complications. Structural issues should be analyzed by your medical health care specialist, especially your chiropractic specialist or osteopath.

-Lifestyle aspects such as disruptions of sleep styles and other poor medical health care are concerns in the management of complications.

Please note- you may encounter complications due to multiple causes and there may be other factors, not mentioned here.

If you are suffering from any of the following symptoms please seek advice from your physician immediately- -sudden changes in the degree of your complications -changes in your memory, character, behavior or awareness -changes in your vision or ability to walk -if you are suffering from complications constantly with no relief -if you are suffering from weak point, pins and needles, loss of feelings, convulsions, mysterious high temperature or high temperature with a firm neck or allergy, difficulty in breathing, a a sore throat or respiratory infection -if your frustration came on after hacking and coughing, stressing, effort or injury

Hopefully this selection of possible causes will help you uncover the factors you encounter complications so that you can become "Headache Free & Naturally."

HEADACHES-CAUSES

A quiet headaches can be caused by various causes such as different kinds of meals. Being able to recognize these meals and preventing its intake can provide the victim a long-term comfort against the situation. Some of the meals that you have to witnessed out for consist of the following:

* Fruit, Pickles and Legumes: among all kinds of meals that can lead to headaches issues, dried coffees are regarded as the primary root cause of the situation. Certain kinds of coffees such as Lima, fava, garbanzo, post, navy red, French language and pinto coffees can all lead to the situation. Aside from that, pickles and other fermented meals can also lead to the issues. Notice the effects of kimchi, sauerkraut, raw garlic oil, olives and vegetables after eating it. There are certain fruits that can also activate quiet headaches periods. Use of pawpaw, figs, prunes, overripe apples and avocados can lead to an assault.

* Caffeinated and Alcohol addiction Beverages: all types of alcohol intake, particularly red wine can lead to a quiet headaches assault. You can perform an try things out by examining each form of liquor to see how it impacts your situation. You will absolutely find at least one form of liquor that can lead to the issues and make sure that you prevent this next time. Some individuals also experience the situation after eating coffee. To determine if this too can lead to an assault, you can reduce its intake or eat it instead to see how it impacts your quiet headaches situation.

* Chocolate: this is also regarded as the main lead to aspect of the issue. Take observe that candy contains various substances. Although some of these material can actually ease the situation, some can worsen the the signs of the situation. If eating sweets lead to issues, it would be best to prevent its intake or take observe of the particular form of candy that causes quiet headaches signs and remove it from your list of significant sweets.

* Outdated Cheese: aged mozzarella dairy product is regarded as the most sensitive lead to aspect for almost all kinds of headaches conditions. Experts believe that the older the mozzarella dairy product, the more issue it can cause to the situation. Mozerella contains a substance known as tyramine, which is associated to the development of various kinds of headaches issues. The longer the mozzarella dairy product is aged, the more tyrosine is included. Tyrosine can also promote the level of hypertension level. The aged cheese that should be prevented consist of Stilton, Gouda, stone, red, brie, gruyere, camembert, parmesan, Romano, provolone and cheddar. Certain kinds of cheese also contain MSG, which can result to various signs such as Muenster, Roquefort, procedures mozzarella dairy product pieces and feta.

Taking observe of these and preventing its intake can significantly help you prevent quiet headaches issues and relieve its signs. Remember that although the situation is not with frustration, it can still be regarded as a devastating situation, especially in case of serious element or visible issues. If you are suffering from excessive the signs of the situation, it would be best to seek advice from your doctor for proper analysis and comfort for the situation.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALLERGIES

he body's immune system is responsible for detecting foreign elements that enter the body and are therefore responsible for the different types of allergies that some people have. An allergy is the immune system's overreaction to a certain foreign substance known as an allergen. It is referred to as an overreaction because the immune system attacks these allergy-causing substances which are actually harmless unlike other foreign elements that bring diseases and harm to the body. Having an allergy is actually a defence mechanism of the body to prevent further entry of the allergen into the body.

The different types of allergies are dependent on the type of allergen that caused it. Allergens can be anything from the environment. The popular ones are pollen, dust mites, animal fur and dander, foods, medicines and insect stings. There are also some uncommon allergens like cigarette smoke, latex, mold, etc. Hay fever is one of the types of allergies that are caused by pollen grains and some substances. Others simply call this pollen allergy. Hay fever in the spring is associated with tree pollen allergies. In the summer, having hay fever may be due to weed and grass pollen. The pollen inhaled by a person is considered as invasive elements. Special cells called the mast cells release histamine and some leukotriene which cause inflammation of the nasal passages, sinuses and eyelids. A person having hay fever may also experience sneezing.

One of the types of allergies that are becoming more prevalent today is food allergy. The most common food allergy is peanut allergy. This type may be moderate to extremely severe allergies. Sometimes, people who are allergic to peanuts also show sensitivity to other tree nuts such as pecans, walnuts and pistachios. Egg allergies are also common in children but can be outgrown eventually. Egg allergies are associated with the proteins present in the white part of the egg. Another common food allergy is shellfish or other seafood allergy. However, it is important to note whether the occurring symptoms are due to food allergy or food intolerance. This can be determined upon consulting a physician.

It is also important to notice sensitivity to medications and drugs, may it be an allergic reaction or not. Unexpected reactions to medications are alarming and can lead to serious complications when not given attention. Penicillin and sulpha drugs are some of medications that cause an allergic reaction to many people. Patients with penicillin allergies are treated with other antibiotics. A true allergy to medications is characterized by a rash, itchy throat, difficulty of breathing or anaphylaxis. Symptoms that are not allergic in nature may just be a side effect of the medicine. Caution should be observed especially when taking a certain drug for the first time. Any unusual effects must be taken into account and reported to a physician to know whether an allergic reaction is taking place or not.

It is important to identify the different types of allergies a person may have. By knowing the specific type, a person may distinguish what substances or objects to avoid so that an allergic reaction can be prevented. Avoiding the allergen is usually the main treatment for allergies. Also, knowing the different types of allergies enables the physician to come up with the right management and medication to relieve discomfort resulting from the symptoms accompanying the allergy.

TYPES OF MENSTRUAL DISORDERS

Menstrual disorders are irregularities that follows the otherwise process of menstruation. its often observed in the adolescent age range.psychological and physical factors play individual role in menstrual disorders. To help appreciate the concept and types of menstrual irregularities. its important that we understand the basic idea of menstruation and menstrual cycle.
   Menstruation is the shedding off of the endometrial lining of the uterus following an inability of fertilization to occur while menstrual cycle refers to the physiological rhythm of a woman that occurs from when the oocyte matures,ovulates,and enters the uterine tube. it begins at roughly age11-13 while most cycles last between 21-35 days. Regular menstruation last between 3-5 days, though a range of 2-10 days is considered essentially normal.
   

Types of Menstrual Disorder

The types of disorders that can arise in the otherwise normal process of menstruation include

• Menstrual pain or Dysmennorhea
• Irregular menstruation e.g Amenorrhea and oligomenorhea
• Abnormal flow e.g menorhagia and methrorhagia 

MENSTRUAL PAIN: This remains a very important complaint made by women worldwide. its groupes into primary and secondary though the primary is easily treatable and more common. it presents as a pain in the lower abdomen which is felt before or during menstruation .dysmenorhea is caused by chemicals (leukotriene and prostalgladin) which are secreted during the menstrual cycle. sIecondary dysmenorhea usually have an underlying cause e.g endometriosis



IRREGULAR MENSTRUATION: Irregular menstruation is where there is variation in menstrual cycle length of more than approximately eight days for a woman.it could either be Amenorhea,oligomenorhea or polymenorhea.
Amenorhea refers to an absence of menstrual period in a woman who's of reproductive age. it could either be primary or secondary with the primary being caused by developmental factors as the menstrual flow never did start, secondary amenorrhea is caused by an hormonal imbalance usually from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland both in the brain
Oligomenorhea is defined as menstrual periods separated by more than 35days apart. its usually due to hormonal imbalance



ABNORMAL FLOW: Menorrhagia is an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals. Causes may be due to abnormal blood clotting, disruption of normal hormonal regulation of periods or disorders of the endometrial lining of the uterus. Depending upon the cause, it may be associated with abnormally painful periods.
Metrorhagia is bleeding between periods . it usually signify  the presence of another pathology.


MEDICAL CARE OF MENSTRUAL DISORDERS

• In amenorrhea and menorhagia, treatment is done with respect to types.its advisable that women see their doctors as soon as possible if they suspect a case amenorrhea.
•  dysmenorhea: for help on menstrual pain, refer to this post

HOW TO DEAL WITH MENSTRUAL PAIN

Menstual pain, menstrual cramps,dysmenorhea... they all mean the same thing. menstrual pain by definition is a gynaecological condition characterized by pain/cramp during menstruation which tends to interfere with the daily activities of the woman, its avery common condition with statistics showing that more than 25% of women world wide. and as much as 90% of adolescent females tend to have menstrual pain at one time or the other.
 Now the pain may be sharp, throbbing, dull, nauseating, burning, or shooting pain,varying among individuals. it may come before menstruation or during menstruation though the pain tends to subside after that. its also believed that child bearing tends to curb the condition though this too is not always the case.The pain is often felt more in the lower abdomen,in some women its felt arond the navel, while others feel it at the left or right part of their abdomen. it may radiate to the lower  back. There are females  who have this pain only transiently while others tend to even require hospitalization.Likely associated symptoms include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, headache, dizziness, disorientation, hypersensitivity to sound, light, smell and touch, fainting, and fatigue. The Symptoms of menstrual pain often begin immediately following ovulation and can last until the end of menstruation.
  
TYPES:
 The type of menstrual pain is grouped into primary and secondary types.

• primary: this is the  most common type AND caused by a normal physiological process.this tends to affect ladies younger than 20 and doesn't have any underlying pathological condition

• secondary: this pain is usally described as crushing or cramping and is usually associated with another know disease such as endometriosis, uterine  fibroids, pelvic  inflammatory disease etc and usually doesnt start from the first menstrual period menarche

What causes menstrual cramps?

During each menstrual period, if there is no sperm to fertilize the egg, the uterus contracts to expel its lining. This process is driven by the release of hormone-like substances called prostaglandins, which are associated with pain and inflammation in higher levels. These uterine contractions cause much of the pain felt during menstrual cramps because the contractions inhibit blood flow to the lining of the uterus (the endometrium).

In addition, substances known as leukotrienes are also elevated during menstruation, and they may be a cause of menstrual cramps.   

HOW TO MANAGE MENSTRUAL PAIN 

1. Try not to think about stuff thart would anger or upset you. this build up the chemicals that causes menstrual pain
2. Make sure you avoid caffeine: soda, pop, coffee, etc, etc. Also, avoid foods high in sugar and sodium.
3. Engage in stress releiving activities.exercises helps a great deal/ dance if you can to that favourite jam of yours
4. TRY dietary supplements,Some studies indicate that Vitamin E, thiamine and Omega-3 supplements may reduce menstrual cramps.  
5. Pain killers like NSAIDS e.g ibuprofen tend to reduce menstrual flow and not just the pain. if  you're reactive to  NSAIDS( NON STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS) try taking acetaminophen. it might not work as good. but it sure would work.
6. If you suspect you might have secondary dysmenorhea, see your doctor as soon as possible 

PLS DROP YOUR QUESTIONS AND COMMENT.
   

EASY STEPS TO READ AND COMPREHEND

   I'm actually writing this article because of a question a friend asked me the other day. "I try so hard to read for hours and at the end, i can only remember but a few things, whats wrong! What can i do?" I could tell and feel the despair in her voice, so i decided to do some research and post it here for others who may be having problems with reading and understanding or others who just want to brush up on their reading skills.

Here are a few tips. 

DON'T S 

1. Never try to read when you're tired, stressed,angry or in any of those hyper emotional state. Fact is, you might succeed in getting a few words in but generally it would never stick. Its like trying to pass through a tiny door wit a lot of luggage. It would never fit until you decide to calm down. Take a deep breath, go for a walk, calm down, the books definitely aint going anywhere and would be there and easier when you're sober. 
2. Majority of students tend to see reading as stress. Yea! One gigantic task. You can't really help it. Its normal but certainly there's a way out. You really don't have to finish chapter 1 if its just too complicated. Move on to chapter 2, there's a possibility that it'll give you more insight and when you finally get back to chapter 1.it'll be so easy and far more understandable. Read at your own pace. Its not a race. Don't feel pressurized or setting a deadline, the problem with setting a deadline is you probably might meet your deadline but it mostly wouldn't stick after that.
 3.DON'T read in noisy environments. We both know its a waste of time. If your room or classroom is as noisy as a danceclub by all means move out. Somethings are just plain impossible, reading in a clubhouse is definitely one of them. You sure can find a place where u feel calm and easy. Thats the best place 'd like to read. It could be the library, or even a church with no congregation of course. It could be an empty classroom or that spot where only you know. 

4. An hungry man is an angry man!. Thats a saying i was born with. Never try to read on an empty stomach. There really any much explanation about this. You'd agree its self explanatory. The brain requires energy in the form of glucose to perform that task of decoding and storing those informations you're trying to put in it. Least u could do is give it some fuel. hunger makes u edgy and from step 1, you'd know it doesn't mostly work. 
5. Sleep! This is important. Always try to get some sleep before putting in those hours into the books. Sleep refreshes the brain. Its like a system reboot. Makes it all ready for a new round of activities. 

6. Music: a couple of us tend to find Music as a reading aid just as it can also be a distraction. If it works for you. By all means, continue but if it doesn't, do drop the earphones before picking up those papers. 
7. Reading and comprehension: Its one thing to read and yet another to comprehend or understand what you're reading. We all tend to read different materials differently because our goal of reading in each case is different. Reading a newspaper is different from reading a school's text. Reading a news paper is passive and light reading while a school text is active and focused. Try to be focused and take note of the first and last sentences in a paragraph because usually that embodies the main point of the paragraph. 
8. Make use of Memory aids!: Memory aids like mnemonics help a great deal in memorizing keypoints, list etc. For example, the first mnemonic i ever learnt was for the characteristic of living things summed up in MR NIGER D. Where M stands for movement, respiration, nutrition, irritability, growth, excretion, respiration and death. I learnt that more than 10years ago and still it sticks. Relate your concepts to other things and it'll be easier to memorize.
 9. Visualize! : The mind is a powerful and indispensable tool. The ability to picture things, points, concept, and graphs makes it more easy to comprehend. Picture the concept, relate it to wat u already know,if its an organism picture it. Relate the characteristic to it. See it in your mind's eye. If its a concept or a law. Get the basic idea, relate it to what u already know. Its easier to remember and reproduce it this way. 

10. Be yourself! Do what works for you. Make use of footnotes, jot down important points. Underline difficult concept and read more about it. Study the diagrams and graphs. Use the index at the back of the book. see reading as an enjoyable process and it will be. Like i'll always say it doesn't matter the method with which you read provided you get those grade legitimately and if you must read, read smart.HAPPY READING!


Pls leave a comment on how best you read and share with your friends on facebook. You never can tell which of them would find this important. Thanks for reading.

REAL FACTS ABOUT DIABETES

• DIABETES MELLITUS commonly known as diabetes is directly related to high blood sugar either because the body can not produce enough insulin or the body can not utilize the insulin. Globally as of 2010, an estimated 285 million people have type 2 diabetes, making up about 90% of all diabetes cases.
• Diabetes is the number one cause of kidney failure in the world. Besides this every year it is responsible for 5% or 5 million blindness in adults and one million limb amputations. Diabetes is also an important cause of heart disease, stroke and cataract.
• For at least 20 years, diabetes rates in North America have been increasing substantially. In 2010, nearly 26 million people have diabetes in the United States alone, from those 7 million people remain undiagnosed. Another 57 million people are estimated to have prediabetes.                                                                                               
• Diabetes was one of the first diseases described with an Egyptian manuscript from 1500 BCE mentioning “too great emptying of the urine”. The first described cases are believed to be of type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as madhumeha or "honey urine", noting the urine would attract ants. The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek Appollonius of Memphis. The disease was rare during the time of the Roman empire, with Galen commenting he had only seen two cases during his career.
• DIABETES comes from a latin word which comes from an ancient greek word which in turn is derived from yet another greek word....(diabainein)
•  Do you know that cats and dogs also tend to develop Diabetes? with females being at higher risk.
• Diabetes complications tends to affect the eyes, kidneys.nerves and usually lead to foot complications even amputation
• Type 1 diabetes can occur in an older individual due to destruction of the pancreas by alcohol, disease, or removal by surgery. It also results from progressive failure of the pancreatic beta cells, the only cell type that produces significant amounts of insulin.,People with type 1 diabetes require insulin treatment daily to sustain life.
•  Exercise: Regular exercise, in any form, can help reduce the risk of developing diabetes.

AUTISM

The medical definition of autism focuses on difficulties in three areas: social interaction, communication and imagination. These are referred to as the ‘triad of impairments’. But defining autism merely in relation to these impairments fails to reflect a huge body of research and clinical experience indicating that many children on the autistic spectrum also have related health issues. These problems are often connected to the gut and immune system. Unfortunately, most mainstream physicians diagnosing autism lack a robust approach to treating it. Parents are not given the breadth of information they need in order to improve their child’s life. Many of these physicians have been trained to accept that the causes of autism spectrum disorders are entirely genetic. Government-funded research has for years primarily focused on genetic links with autism, and this has yielded little to improve our children’s lives. Meanwhile, research conducted around the world confirming the impact of health problems on children diagnosed with autism is not being acted upon, leaving our children untreated. All too often parents find themselves assuming the role of detective, trying on their own to find the source of their child’s health problems and having to judge how best to help. They usually have to bear the cost of any interventions they try, and this expense can be crippling. Autism Eye believes that, once diagnosed, children with autism should be routinely screened for the gastrointestinal, immunological and infection-related issues that appear to beset our children. Parents should not be left unaided to discover the need to deal with these issues, then have to spend huge amounts of time – even years – researching treatments, and bear all the costs of therapies by themselves. We also believe that early, intensive educational intervention is vital, and that parents should not have to battle for this when it can make a significant improvement to their child’s life. We say all this because, as parents of a child with autism, we know from our own experience that treating health-related issues and early educational intervention can have a very positive effect on an autistic child’s behaviour, cognitive development and general health and well-being. Unfortunately, from the moment of diagnosis, we have found that parents are presented with negative messages about their child. They are left doubting that they have the ability to effect change. Families are not being made aware that they can improve their child’s condition. Many do not know what is available to make that happen. The lack of information given to families about the range of interventions available only adds to the stress of raising a child with autism. And stressful it certainly is. Parents’ lives are turned upside down, careers put permanently on hold, earnings curtailed, relationships put under strain. A study by Autism Northern Ireland found that nearly 70 per cent of parents report illness linked to caring for their child, with over 50 per cent of mothers taking medication because of stress. Frustratingly, there is still no consensus among experts around the world on why our children have developed autism and why the number of people with the condition is rising so rapidly. Statistics from the US reveal that the prevalence of autism has risen to one in every 110 births, with almost one in 70 boys affected (US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). In the UK, a study found that as many as one in 58 children may have a form of autism (Cambridge University, 2007). Governments across the globe are failing to respond with any effect to this deluge of new autism cases hitting our societies. They also seem not to be aware that a greater availability of effective early medical and educational interventions may drastically reduce the impact of autism spectrum disorders on the economy, as well as improve the quality of life for people with ASD and their families. The cost of autism to economies around the world has reached staggering proportions. In the UK, the expense has been estimated at £28.2 billion a year (London School of Economics, 2007). In the US, The Autism Society puts the annual cost of autism at $60 billion, and predicts it will grow to between $200 billion and $400 billion in ten years. It also points out that the cost of life-long care could be reduced by as much as two-thirds if governments took steps to improve earlier diagnosis and interventions.

DEALING WITH VITILIGO

VITILIGO is a skin condition in which there is a loss of pigment from areas of the skin, resulting in irregular patches that feel like normal skin. it occurs when melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation die or are unable to function. The cause of vitiligo is unknown , but research suggest that it may asrise from:

• AUTOIMMUNE CAUSES
• GENETIC CAUSES
• OXIDATIVE CAUSES
• NEURAL CAUSES
• VIRAL CAUSES 

prevalence worldwide is less than  1-2%and the average age of onset is 20 years!, though its commonly observed in age 10-30, occurrence in the age and new born is rare. it has been noticed more in females.

TYPES

Vitiligo is classified into segmental and non segmerntal types, though non segmental causes is the most common form.

• NON SEGMENTAL VITILIGO: This is usually characterized by some form of symmetry in the location of the patches of depigmentation. New patches occurs over time and can be generalized over large portions of the body or localized to a particular area. this kind of vitiligo occurs at any age unlike segmental vitiligo,which is far more prevalent in the teenage years vitiligo universalis is a case which is synonymous with almost complete depigmentation of the entire body
  subclasses of nonsegmental vitiligo include:
  
  1. generalized vitiligo
  2. universal vitiligo
  3. focal vitiligo
  4. acrofacial vitiligo
  5. mucosal vitiligo
  SEGMENTAL VITILIGO: this differs in appearance , causes and prevalence from associated illnesses. its treatment is different from that of NSV. it tend to affect the skin surrounding the dorsal roots of the spine. it spreads much more rapidly than NSV and without treatment its  much more stable in course and not associated with auto immune diseases and also respond to topical treatment  

• SIGNS AND SYMPTOM: The most notable symptom of vitiligo is depignmentation of skin around the extremities,  the patches which are usually small in onset expands and change shapes. when skin lesions occur they are usually on the face hand and wrist. depigmentation is usually noticed around orifices, such as nose, mouth, genitals and umbilicus  

   TREATMENT:
  Though no single medical therapy produce good result in all patient, there are different line of treatment.
  
  • systemic photo-therapy
  • laser therapy
  • topical therapy
  • depigmentation therapy

10 MOST INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN WEST AFRICA

West Africa, if one includes the western portion of the Maghreb (Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), occupies an area in excess of 6,140,000 km2, or approximately one-fifth of Africa. Outbreaks of diseases are costly wherever and whenever they occur. However,outbreaks come to an end.
Infectious diseases stemming from health infrastructural deficiencies,
such as poor sanitation and lack of adequate vaccine coverage,
as well as those linked to specific sociocultural factors, such
as airborne and sexually transmitted diseases,are among the leading cause of death in west africa. listed below are a few.

ONCHOCERCIASIS :Onchocerciasis also known as river blindness is the world's third leading infectious cause of blindness. Some 37 Million people are estimated to be infected and over 99% of those affected live in Africa. It is caused by Onchocerca volvulus also know as filirial worm, a nematode that can live for up to fifteen years in the human body. The worms spread throughout the body, and when they die, they cause intense itching and a strong immune system response that can destroy nearby tissue, such as the eye.

skin involvement typically consists of intense itching, swelling, and inflammation. Agrading System has been developed to categorize the degree of skin involvement:Acute Papular dermatitis - scattered pruritic papules; Chronic papular dermatitis -larger papule, resulting in hyperpigmentation; Lichenified dermatitis -hyperpigmented papules and plaques, with edema, lymphadenopathy, pruritusand common secondary bacterial infections; Skin atrophy - loss of elasticity, skin resembles tissue paper, 'lizard skin' appearance; Depigmentation - 'leopard skin'appearance, usually on anterior lower leg.Ocular involvement provides the common name associated with onchocerciasis,river blindness. The microfilariae migrate to the surface of the cornea. Punctatekeratitis occurs in the infected area. This clears up as the inflammation subsides.However, if the infection is chronic, sclerosing keratitis can occur, making theaffected area become opaque. Over time the entire cornea may becomeopaque, thus leading to blindness. There is some evidence to suggest that the effecton the cornea is caused by an immune response to bacteria present in the worms.



2. SYPHILIS is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the Spirochetal bacterium Treponema pallidum. The route of transmission of syphilis is almost always through sexual contact, although there are examples of congenital syphilis via transmission from mother to child in the uterus.The signs and symptoms of syphilis are numerous; before the advent of serological testing, precise diagnosis was very difficult. In fact, the disease was dubbed the"Great Imitator" because it was often confused with other diseases, particularly in its tertiary stage. Most persons with syphilis tend to be unaware of the infection and they can transmit the infection to sexual contacts or in the case of woman to her unborn child. If left untreated, syphilis can cause serious consequences such as stillbirth, prematurity and neonatal deaths. Adverse outcomes of pregnancies are preventable if the infection is detected and treated before mid-second trimester.Congenital syphilis kills more than 1 million babies a year worldwide but preventableif infected mothers are identified and treated appropriately as early as possible.World health Organization estimates that 12 million new cases of syphilis occur every year. In developing countries, 20-35% of women in child bearing age have syphilis.About 60% of pregnant women with syphilis will give birth to a dead baby and another 30% to live baby with congenital syphilis, a condition with mortality of up to70%.
 

HOW TO CLERK A PATIENT..THE GUIDE

A suggested format for clerking patients with all the standard questions you might ever want to ask.  this should be of help to medical students,trainee nurses and other general medical disciplines

Generally clerking is divided into two:
 1.    HISTORY TAKING
 2.    SYSTEMIC REVIEW


We'd begin with history taking


Introduction
Always begin by introducing yourself,develop a rapport.  that the key to a successful history taking
all patients are humans and humans generally are apprehensive when giving out personal information so develop a rapport.


1.         Introduce myself
2.     Tell patient what U want to do
3.     Ask patient if it is alright
4.     Ask patient if they are comfortable



Preliminaries

After the rapport development and the introduction, its important you get the bio-data of the patient next.
follow either of the two format

1.         Full name
2.     Age
3.     Occupation
4.     Marital Status
5.     Patient's Address & Telephone
6.     Next of Kin's Address & Telephone
7.     GP's name & area
8.     Hospital consultant

or break it down into acronyms NASOMATI
 N      NAME
 A      AGE
 S      SEX
 O      OCCUPATION
 M      MARITAL STATUS
 A      ADDRESS
 T      TRIBE/RELIGION( DEPENDING ON YOUR LOCATION)
 I      INFORMANT...(its necessary to point out the person who answered the questions if twas the patient or the relation)


Presenting Complaint  (PC)
        ask the patient what brought him to the hospital...and categorize complain chronologically in descending order of date the complain started
        its important that you put this in the patient own word.

History of Presenting Complaint  (HPC)
1.         Could you take me through everything leading up to you coming to hospital.
2.     Symptoms most symptom can be exhausted under the acronym (SOCRATEIS)
    Site
    Onset  (Sudden  /  Gradual)
    Character
        (Aching,  Burning,  Stabbing,  Throbbing)
        (Crushing,  Constricting,  Distending)
        (Constant  or  Colicky)
        (Deep  or  Superficial)
        (Sharp  or  Dull)
    Radiation
    Alleviating factors
    Time
    Exacerbating Factors
    Intensity  /  Severity
    Associated features
    Preceding events
    Ever had it before?
    Getting better  /  worse





Past Medical History  (PMH)
1.         Have you had any other problems requiring treatment or hospitalisation before?
2.     IS THE PATIENT CURRENTLY ON TREATMENT FOR ANY CONDITION
3.     Ask about :-

    Rheumatic Fever
    Diabetes
    Jaundice      Epilepsy 
    Tuberculosis 
    Hypertension  
    Asthma   
    Myocardial Infarction   
    Heart Disease      Stroke
    Chronic Bronchitis
    Kidney Disease
    Venereal Disease
    Tropical Diseases
    Operations )
    Anaesthetic Problems (Anaes)
    Immunizations (Imun)
    Childhood Infections
        (Measles, Mumps, Chicken Pox, German Measles)
        (Diphtheria, Whooping Cough, Scarlet Fever)
    Allergies  /  Drug Reactions
    Anything else which I haven't mentioned or we haven't covered?


NEXT IS THE SOCIAL/FAMILY HISTORY
     Ask about the family background of the patient,marital status, marital setting if  married (monogamous/polygamous) number of children etc
    Also ask about
    Smoking
    Drinking
    Drugs
    Allergies to either food and drugs




Review of Systems  (ROS)

General
1.         Weight Loss  /  Gain
2.     Appetite  /  Diet
3.     Thirst
4.     Energy  /  Fatigue
5.     Lumps
6.     Fevers
7.     Itches
8.     Sleep
9.     Night Sweats

Respiratory
1.         Cough
2.     Sputum
3.     Haemoptysis
4.     Dyspnoea
5.     Wheeze
6.     Chest Pain
7.     Tachypnoea

Cardiovascular
1.         Exertional dyspnoea
2.     Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnoea
3.     Orthopnoea
4.     Chest Pain
5.     Palpitations
6.     Ankle oedema
7.     Intermittent Claudication
8.     Headaches
9.     Rheumatic Fever  /  Chorea
10.     Pedal edema
Gastrointestinal

Upper Alimentary Tract :
1.         Abdominal Pain
2.     Appetite
3.     Vomiting  /  Nausea
4.     Vomit  /  Haematemesis
5.     Belching  /  Flatulence
6.     Water Brash
7.     Heartburn
8.     Indigestion
9.     Swallowing  /  Dysphagia
10.     Haemotypsis

Lower Abdominal Tract :1.         Diarrhoea
2.     Constipation
3.     Stools  (Steatorrhoea, Blood, Slime, Consistency, Colour, Flushing)
4.     Pain
5.     Frequency  /  Bowel Habit
6.     Tenesmus  /  Urgency

Liver & Gallbladder :
1.         Jaundice
2.     Colour of Urine and Faeces
3.     Itching Skin
4.     Pain

Genito-Urinary System

Urinary :
1.         Loin Pain  /  Dysuria
2.     Oedema
3.     Incontinence
4.     Haematuria
5.     Nocturia
6.     Frequency
7.     Polyuria  /  Oliguria
8.     Hesitancy
9.     Terminal Dribbling

Genital :
1.         Vaginal  /  Urethral Discharge
2.     Menses  (Frequency, Regularity, Heavy or Light, Duration, Pain)
3.     Perineal Pain  /  Swelling  /  Ulceration
4.     Pregnancies  (Gravida  /  Para)
5.     Menarche  /  Menopause
6.     Infertility
7.     Sex Life  /  Dyspareunia

Neurological
1.         Sight
2.     Hearing
3.     Taste
4.     Touch
5.     Smell
6.     Epilepsy  /  Seizures
7.     Faints  /  Blackouts
8.     Headaches
9.     Injuries
10.     Parasthesia  /  Sensation
11.     Motor Weakness  /  Muscle Twitches
12.     Nausea  /  Vomiting
13.     Paralysis  /  Stroke
14.     Balance  /  Coordination
15.     Speech
16.     Higher Mental Function
17.     Psychiatric Symptoms
(Anxiety, Phobias, Obsessive Thoughts, Compulsive Acts)
(Depression, Mania, Psychoses)

Musculo-Skeletal
1.         Pain
2.     Stiffness
3.     Swelling of Joints
4.     Functioning of Joints  /  Mobility

Skin
1.         Rashes
2.     Itching
3.     Smell
4.     Drugs
5.     Hobbies  /  Occupation
6.     Personal Hygiene
7.     Allergies

systemic reviews comes next..

MEDICAL BOOKS guide to a successful erotic massage massage tips that can help improve the massage experience of an erotic evening: Massage Tips1. The person being massaged should be as comfortable and relaxed as possible - You can dim the lights, put on soft music, and silence any other distractions such as telephones in order to make the relaxation process easier. 2. Use essential oils – when you use essential oils it limits the pulling of skin and hairs when you are giving a massage and makes for a better massage experience. Be sure to start by putting the oil in your hands and rubbing them together to warm up the oil, otherwise it might be too cold for the person being massaged. 3. Try lighting candles – many people find candle light relaxing, so this might help make the experience more pleasant. 4. Keep the room at a comfortable temperature – You don’t want the person getting a massage to be too cold or too hot. Make sure that the room is kept at a comfortable temperature, and that you keep warm towels over any part of the patient that isn’t being worked on. 5. Start with the back – The massage experience tends to be best when you start by massaging up and down a patient’s back. Have the person start out lying comfortably on their stomach on a massage table or other comfortable surface, with pillows to prop up any body parts as needed. 6. Vary your massage strokes – Start out with up and down strokes on the back, then move on to a circular motion, using larger circles near the top of the back and smaller circles near the bottom of the back and the hips. This is usually found to be very relaxing for people getting a massage. 7. Vary the pressure and speed of your massage – During the massage you should change the speed and the pressure that you are applying from time to time. Sometimes use a gentler touch and sometimes use a more firm touch. 8. Keep the relaxation going – after a massage, the patient should try to remain relaxed and take deep breaths. You don’t want to rush them off the table and out the door as this would minimize the benefits of the massage. 9. Provide water – drinking plenty of water after the massage will help to increase the benefits and help remove the toxins from the body that were released during the massage. 10. Suggest a bath – another way to continue the relaxation process is to take a nice bath after getting a massage. Suggest this to your clients.s telephones in order to make the relaxation process easy.. get the guide to make it all easy freee